Downfall of Mughal in India

The period of the Great Mughals, which began in 1526 with Babur’s accession to the throne, ended with the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. Aurangzeb’s death marked the end of an era in Indian history. When Aurangzeb died, the empire of the Mughals was the largest in India. Yet, within about fifty years of his death, the Mughal Empire disintegrated.

Aurangzeb’s death was followed by a war of succession among his three sons. It ended in the victory of the eldest brother, Prince Muazzam. The sixty five-year-old prince ascended the throne under the name of Bahadur Shah.

Bahadur Shah (1707 A.D.-1712 A.D.):

Bahadur Shah followed a policy of compromise and conciliation and tried to conciliate the Rajputs, the Marathas, the Bundelas, the Jats and the Sikhs. During his reign the Marathas and the Sikhs became more powerful. He had also to face revolt from the Sikhs. Bahadur Shah died in 1712.

Wars of Succession, which had been a regular feature among the Mughals, had become more acute after the death of Bahadur Shah. This was specially so because the nobles had become very powerful. Different factions of nobles supported rival claimants to the throne in order to occupy high posts.

Jahandar Shah (1712 A.D.-1713 A.D.):

Jahandar Shah who succeeded Bahadur Shah was weak and incompetent. He was controlled by nobles and could manage to rule only for one year.

Farrukhsiyar (1713 A.D.-1719 A.D.):

Farrukhsiyar ascended the throne with the help of the Sayyid brothers who were popularly called the ‘king makers’. He was controlled by the Sayyid brothers who were the real authority behind Mughal power. When he tried to free himself from their control, he was killed by them.

Mohammad Shah (1719 A.D.-1748 A.D.):

The Sayyids helped Mohammad Shah, ascend the 18-year-old grandson of Bahadur Shah, to the throne. Taking advantage of the weak rule of Mohammad Shah and the constant rivalry among the various factions of the nobility, some powerful and ambitious nobles established virtually independent states. Hyderabad, Bengal, Awadh and Rohilkhand offered but nominal loyalty to the Mughal Emperor. The Mughal Empire practically broke up.

Mohammad Shah’s long reign of nearly 30 years (1719-1748 A.D.) was the last chance of saving the empire. When his reign began, Mughal prestige among the people was still an important political force. A strong ruler could have saved the dynasty. But Mohammad Shah was not equal to the task. He neglected the affairs of the state and never gave full support to able wazirs.

Nadir Shah’s Invasion:

The condition of India with its incompetent rulers, weak administration and poor military strength attracted foreign invaders. Nadir Shah, the ruler of Persia, attacked Punjab in 1739. Mohammad Shah was easily defeated and imprisoned. Nadir Shah marched towards Delhi. Nadir Shah was a ferocious invader.

He massacred thousands of people in Delhi. Delhi looked deserted for days. Mohammad Shah, however, was reinstated on the throne. Nadir Shah carried with him the Kohinoor diamond and the Peacock throne of Shah Jahan. By plundering a big city like Delhi, he got enormous wealth.

Nadir Shah’s invasion gave a crushing blow to the already tottering Mughal Empire and hastened the process of its disintegration. Mohammad Shah’s kingdom was practically confined to Delhi and its neighbourhood. He died in 1748.

Mohammad Shah was succeeded by a number of inefficient rulers Ahmad Shah (1748-1754), Alamgir II (1754-1759), Shah Alam II (1759-1806), Akbar II (1806-1837) and Bahadur Shah II (1837-1857). During the rule of Alamgir II, the East India Company fought the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal. They thus got a foothold in Bengal.

In 1761, during the reign of Shah Alam II, Ahmad Shah Abdali, the independent ruler of Afghanistan, invaded India. He conquered Punjab and marched towards Delhi. By this time, the Mara­thas had extended their influence up to Delhi. Hence a war between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali was inevitable.

In the Third Battle of Panipat the Marathas were completely defeated. They lost thousands of soldiers along with their very good generals. They were forced to retreat to the Deccan. Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasion further weakened the Mughal Empire.

Shah Alam II granted the Dewani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the East India Company in 1765. This allowed the Company to collect revenue from these areas. It also showed that Mughal authority was recognised by the Indian rulers.Mughal rule formally came to an end when Bahadur Shah was deposed and deported to Rangoon by the East India Company (1757).

Causes of the decline of the Mughal Empire:

1. Wars of Succession:

The Mughals did not follow any law of succession like the law of primogeniture. Consequently, each time a ruler died, a war of succession between the brothers for the throne started. This weakened the Mughal Empire, especially after Aurangzeb. The nobles, by siding with one contender or the other, increased their own power.

2. Aurangzeb’s Policies:

Aurangzeb failed to realise that the vast Mughal Empire depended on the willing support of the people. He lost the support of the Rajputs who had contributed greatly to the strength of the Empire. They had acted as pillars of support, but Aurangzeb’s policy turned them to bitter foes. The wars with the Sikhs, the Marathas, the Jats and the Rajputs had drained the resources of the Mughal Empire.

3. Weak Successors of Aurangzeb:

The successors of Aurangzeb were weak and became victims of the intrigues and conspiracies of the faction-ridden nobles. They were inefficient generals and incapable of suppressing revolts. The absence of a strong ruler, an efficient bureaucracy and a capable army had made the Mughal Empire weak.

4. Empty Treasury:

Shah Jahan’s zeal for construction had depleted the treasury. Aurangzeb’s long wars in the south had further drained the exchequer.

5. Invasions:

Foreign invasions sapped the remaining strength of the Mughals and hastened the process of disintegration. The invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali resulted in further drainage of wealth. These invasions shook the very stability of the empire.

6. Size of the Empire and Challenge from Regional Powers:

The Mughal Empire had become too large to be controlled by any ruler from one centre i.e. Delhi. The Great Mughals were efficient and exercised control over ministers and army, but the later Mughals were poor administrators. As a result, the distant provinces became independent. The rise of independent states led to the disintegration of the Mughal Empire.

Tipu sultan

Sultan of  Mysore

Sultan of Mysore

Reign	29 December 1782 – 4 May 1799
Coronation	29 December 1782
Predecessor	Hyder Ali
Krishnaraja Wodeyar III
Full name                            Fath Ali Khan
House	Kingdom of Mysore
Father	Hyder Ali
Mother	Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa
Born	20 November 1750 Devanahalli, present-dayBangalore, Karnataka
Died	4 May 1799 (aged 48) Srirangapatna, present-day Karnataka
Burial	Srirangapatna, present-day Karnataka 12°24′36″N 76°42′50″E
Religion	Islam Mysorean rockets Tipu Sultan's father had expanded on Mysore's use of rocketry, making critical innovations in the rockets themselves and the military logistics of their use. He deployed as many as 1,200 specialised troops in his army to operate rocket launchers. These men were skilled in operating the weapons and were trained to launch their rockets at an angle calculated from the diameter of the cylinder and the distance to the target. The rockets had blades mounted on them, and could wreak significant damage when fired en masse against a large army. Tipu greatly expanded the use of rockets after Hyder's death, deploying as many as 5,000 rocketeers at a time. The rockets deployed by Tipu during the Battle of Pollilur were much more advanced than those the British East India Company had previously seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant; this enabled higher thrust and longer range for the missiles (up to 2 km range). British accounts describe the use of the rockets during the third and fourth wars. During the climactic battle at Srirangapatna in 1799, British shells struck a magazine containing rockets, causing it to explode and send a towering cloud of black smoke with cascades of exploding white light rising up from the battlements. After Tipu's defeat in the fourth war the British captured a number of the Mysorean rockets. These became influential in British rocket development, inspiring the Congreve rocket, which was soon put into use in the Napoleonic Wars.

29 December 1782 – 4 May 1799

29 December 1782

Hyder Ali

Krishnaraja Wodeyar III

Full name
Fath Ali Khan

                           Fath Ali Khan

 Kingdom of Mysore

Hyder Ali

Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa

20 November 1750
Devanahalli, present-dayBangalore, Karnataka

4 May 1799 (aged 48)
Srirangapatna, present-day Karnataka

Srirangapatna, present-day Karnataka
12°24′36″N 76°42′50″E

Islam

Mysorean rockets

Tipu Sultan's father had expanded on Mysore's use of rocketry, making critical innovations in the rockets themselves and the military logistics of their use. He deployed as many as 1,200 specialised troops in his army to operate rocket launchers. These men were skilled in operating the weapons and were trained to launch their rockets at an angle calculated from the diameter of the cylinder and the distance to the target. The rockets had blades mounted on them, and could wreak significant damage when fired en masse against a large army. Tipu greatly expanded the use of rockets after Hyder's death, deploying as many as 5,000 rocketeers at a time. The rockets deployed by Tipu during the Battle of Pollilur were much more advanced than those the British East India Company had previously seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant; this enabled higher thrust and longer range for the missiles (up to 2 km range).

British accounts describe the use of the rockets during the third and fourth wars. During the climactic battle at Srirangapatna in 1799, British shells struck a magazine containing rockets, causing it to explode and send a towering cloud of black smoke with cascades of exploding white light rising up from the battlements. After Tipu's defeat in the fourth war the British captured a number of the Mysorean rockets. These became influential in British rocket development, inspiring the Congreve rocket, which was soon put into use in the Napoleonic Wars.

Malala Yousafzai

1. 

   Malala Yousafzai

   Activist
   
2. Malala Yousafzai is a Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest-ever Nobel Prize laureate. 
3. 
   
4. Born: July 12, 1997 (age 17), Mingora, Pakistan
   
5. Nationality: Pakistani
   
6. Education: Edgbaston High School
   
7. Books: I Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban
   
8. Awards: Nobel Peace Prize, Sakharov Prize, more
   
9. Parents: Tor Pekai Yousafzai, Ziauddin Yousafzai

Kalpana Chawla (कल्पना चावला)

प्रारंभिक जीवन

भारत की बेटी-कल्पना चावला करनाल, हरियाणा, भारत. में एक हिंदू भारतीय परिवार में पैदा हुई थीं। उनका जन्म १ जुलाई सन् १९६१ मे एक भारतीय परिवार मे हुआ था। उसके पिता का नाम श्री बनारसी लाल चावला और माता का नाम संजयोती था | वह अपने परिवार के चार भाई बहनो मे सबसे छोटी थी | घर मे सब उसे प्यार से मोंटू कहते थे | कल्पना की प्रारंभिक पढाई लिखाई “टैगोर बाल निकेतन” मे हुई | कलपना जब आठवी कक्षा मे पहुची तो उसने इंजिनयर बनने की इच्छा प्रकट की | उसकी माँ ने अपनी बेटी की भावनाओ को समझा और आगे बढने मे मदद की | पिता उसे चिकित्सक या शिक्षिका बनाना चाहते थे। किंतु कल्पना बचपन से ही अंतरिक्ष में घूमने की कल्पना करती थी। कल्पना का सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण गुण था - उसकी लगन और जुझार प्रवृति | कलपना न तो काम करने मे आलसी थी और न असफलता मे घबराने वाली थी | उनकी उड़ान में दिलचस्पी जहाँगीर रतनजी दादाभाई टाटा, से प्रेरित थी जो एक अग्रणी भारतीय विमान चालक और उद्योगपति थे।

शिक्षा

कल्पना चावला ने प्रारंभिक शिक्षा टैगोर पब्लिक स्कूल करनाल से प्राप्त की। आगे की शिक्षा वैमानिक अभियान्त्रिकी में पंजाब इंजिनियरिंग कॉलेज, चंडीगढ़, भारत से करते हुए १९८२ में अभियांत्रिकी स्नातक की उपाधि प्राप्त की। वे संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के लिए १९८२ में चली गईं और वैमानिक अभियान्त्रिकी में विज्ञान निष्णात की उपाधि टेक्सास विश्वविद्यालय आर्लिंगटन से प्राप्त की (१९८४)। कल्पना जी ने १९८६ में दूसरी विज्ञान निष्णात की उपाधि पाई और १९८८ में कोलोराडो विश्वविद्यालय बोल्डर से वैमानिक अभियंत्रिकी में विद्या वाचस्पति की उपाधि पाई। कल्पना जी को हवाईजहाज़ों, ग्लाइडरों व व्यावसायिक विमानचालन के लाइसेंसों के लिए प्रमाणित उड़ान प्रशिक्षक का दर्ज़ा हासिल था। उन्हें एकल व बहु इंजन वायुयानों के लिए व्यावसायिक विमानचालक के लाइसेंस भी प्राप्त थे। अन्तरिक्ष यात्री बनने से पहले वो एक सुप्रसिध नासा कि वैज्ञानिक थी।

एम्स अनुसंधान केंद्र

१९८८ के अंत में उन्होंने नासा के एम्स अनुसंधान केंद्र के लिए ओवेर्सेट मेथड्स इंक के उपाध्यक्ष के रूप में काम करना शुरू किया, उन्होंने वहाँ वी/एसटीओएल में सीएफ़डी पर अनुसंधान किया।

नासा कार्यकाल

अंतरिक्ष शटल सिम्युलेटर में चावला

कल्पना जी मार्च १९९५ में नासा के अंतरिक्ष यात्री कोर में शामिल हुईं और उन्हें १९९८ में अपनी पहली उड़ान के लिए चुना गया था। उनका पहला अंतरिक्ष मिशन १९ नवम्बर १९९७ को छह अंतरिक्ष यात्री दल के हिस्से के रूप में अंतरिक्ष शटल कोलंबिया की उड़ान एसटीएस-८७ से शुरू हुआ। कल्पना जी अंतरिक्ष में उड़ने वाली प्रथम भारत में जन्मी महिला थीं और अंतरिक्ष में उड़ाने वाली भारतीय मूल की दूसरी व्यक्ति थीं। राकेश शर्मा ने १९८४ में सोवियत अंतरिक्ष यान में एक उड़ान भरी थी। कल्पना जी अपने पहले मिशन में १.०४ करोड़ मील का सफ़र तय कर के पृथ्वी की २५२ परिक्रमाएँ कीं और अंतरिक्ष में ३६० से अधिक घंटे बिताए। एसटीएस-८७ के दौरान स्पार्टन उपग्रह को तैनात करने के लिए भी ज़िम्मेदार थीं, इस खराब हुए उपग्रह को पकड़ने के लिए विंस्टन स्कॉट और तकाओ दोई को अंतरिक्ष में चलना पड़ा था। पाँच महीने की तफ़्तीश के बाद नासा ने कल्पना चावला को इस मामले में पूर्णतया दोषमुक्त पाया, त्रुटियाँ तंत्रांश अंतरापृष्ठों व यान कर्मचारियों तथा ज़मीनी नियंत्रकों के लिए परिभाषित विधियों में मिलीं।

एसटीएस-८७ की उड़ानोपरांत गतिविधियों के पूरा होने पर कल्पना जी ने अंतरिक्ष यात्री कार्यालय में, तकनीकी पदों पर काम किया, उनके यहाँ के कार्यकलाप को उनके साथियों ने विशेष पुरस्कार दे के सम्मानित किया।
१९८३ में वे एक उड़ान प्रशिक्षक और विमानन लेखक, जीन पियरे हैरीसन से मिलीं और शादी की और १९९० में एक देशीयकृत संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका की नागरिक बनीं।
भारत के लिए चावला की आखिरी यात्रा १९९१-१९९२ के नए साल की छुट्टी के दौरान थी जब वे और उनके पति, परिवार के साथ समय बिताने गए थे। २००० में उन्हें एसटीएस-१०७ में अपनी दूसरी उड़ान के कर्मचारी के तौर पर चुना गया। यह अभियान लगातार पीछे सरकता रहा, क्योंकि विभिन्न कार्यों के नियोजित समय में टकराव होता रहा और कुछ तकनीकी समस्याएँ भी आईं, जैसे कि शटल इंजन बहाव अस्तरों में दरारें। १६ जनवरी २००३ को कल्पना जी ने अंततः कोलंबिया पर चढ़ के विनाशरत एसटीएस-१०७ मिशन का आरंभ किया। उनकी ज़िम्मेदारियों में शामिल थे स्पेसहैब/बल्ले-बल्ले/फ़्रीस्टार लघुगुरुत्व प्रयोग जिसके लिए कर्मचारी दल ने ८० प्रयोग किए, जिनके जरिए पृथ्वी व अंतरिक्ष विज्ञान, उन्नत तकनीक विकास व अंतरिक्ष यात्री स्वास्थ्य व सुरक्षा का अध्ययन हुआ। कोलंबिया अन्तरिक्ष यान में उनके साथ अन्य यात्री थे-• कमांडर रिक डी . हुसबंद • पायलट विलियम स. मैकूल • कमांडर माइकल प . एंडरसन • इलान रामों • डेविड म . ब्राउन • लौरेल बी . क्लार्क 
अंतरिक्ष पर पहुंचने वाली पहली भारतीय महिला कल्पना चावला की दूसरी अंतरिक्ष यात्रा ही उनकी अंतिम यात्रा साबित हुई। सभी तरह के अनुसंधान तथा विचार - विमर्श के उपरांत वापसी के समय पृथ्वी के वायुमंडल मे अंतरिक्ष यान के प्रवेश के समय जिस तरह की भयंकर घटना घटी वह अब इतिहास की बात हो गई | नासा तथा विश्व के लिये यह एक दर्दनाक घटना थी | १ फ़रवरी २००३ को कोलंबिया अंतरिक्षयान पृथ्वी की कक्षा मे प्रवेश करते ही टूटकर बिखर गया। देखते ही देखते अंतरिक्ष यान और उसमें सवार सातों यात्रियों के अवशेष टेक्सास नामक शहर पर बरसने लगे और सफ़ल कहलया जाने वाला अभियान भीषण सत्य बन गया।
ये अंतरिक्ष यात्री तो सितारों की दुनिया में विलीन हो गए लेकिन इनके अनुसंधानों का लाभ पूरे विश्व को अवश्य मिलेगा। इस तरह कल्पना चावला के यह शब्द सत्य हो गए,” मैं अंतरिक्ष के लिए ही बनी हूँ। प्रत्येक पल अंतरिक्ष के लिए ही बिताया है और इसी के लिए ही मरूँगी।“

Local self government

Types Of Local Self Government

There are mainly two types of local self-governments in India.

The village local self-government and
The Municipal self-government.
The village local self-government is the village or Gram-Panchayats. The Zilla Parishad also belongs to this category.

On the other hand, the examples of Municipal local self-governments are the Kolkata Municipal Corporation, the municipalities of the small size cities, the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, various town or city Improvement Trusts, the Port Trust, the Cantonment Board of the army etc. In India, the local self-government institutions are of both the Indian and the Western types.

10 FACTS ABOUT EUROPE

Area	10,180,000 km2(3,930,000 sq mi)
Population	742,452,000 (2013, 3rd)
Pop. density	72.9/km2 (about 188/sq mi)
Demonym	European
Countries	50 (and 6 partially recognised) (list of countries)
Languages	List of languages
Time zones	UTC to UTC+6
InternetTLD	.eu (European Union)
Largest cities	Metropolitan areas in Europe  Moscow  Istanbul  London  Paris  Ruhr  Madrid  Milan  Saint Petersburg  Barcelona  Berlin FACTS  1.    Europe is the second smallest continent in the world and consists of just 4 million square miles. 2.    Europe unlike some continents is designated for political more than geographical reasons. 3.    700 million people live in Europe. However birth rates are relatively stagnant – and has one of the lowest fertility rates in the world. 4.    However despite being low in fertility, Europeans are high in generosity and the ten most generous countries in terms of charities are all European. One of the more positive facts about Europe. 5.    Much of the shape of Europe is a result of World War 1 and 2. The First World War caused the complete alteration or dissolution of four empires – the German, Ottoman, Russian and Austro-Hungarian. World War 2 meanwhile resulted in the death of 2.5 percent of the world’s population. 6.    One of the most interesting facts about Europe is that it is believed that Europe is named originally after ‘Europa’ who was a Phoenician Princess from Greek Mythology. 7.    The smallest country in Europe is The Vatican city – actually only 110 acres in total and with a population of just more than 800. It is located within Rome and is the home of Catholicism. Meanwhile the largest country in Europe is Russia (though Russia is only partially European) with an area of 17,098,242km2. These are also the smallest and largest countries in the world. One of the most interesting facts about Europe then is that it includes the smallest and largest countries in the world.8.    Interestingly 80 to 90 percent of Europe was once covered in forest. In the West one of the perhaps sadder facts about Europe is that this number now stands at only 3 percent. 9.    One of the facts about Europe that is up for the most debate is the number of countries comprising the continent which varies slightly by definition. Approximately there are 50 states or ‘self governing political entities). This is not to be confused with the 27 member states of the EU. Interestingly there are around 70 former countries once a part of Europe that no longer appear on maps due to war and changing boarders. 10.    Europe produces slightly over 18 percent of the world’s oil.

Man of the tournament and Man of the match

History

For a long period of time prior to the Cricket World Cup, awards were handed out to players for their performance in each match. These player's were named the Man of the Match. This trend continued into the Cricket World Cup. To receive a Man of the Match award in the final generally meant that one had put up a match-winning performance for their team and, in essence, won their team the World Cup.

Since 1992, at the end of the World Cup, one player is declared as "Man of the Tournament"

man of the tournament 

1992  Martin Crowe 456 runs
1996  Sanath Jayasuriya 221 runs and 7 wickets
1999  Lance Klusener 281 runs and 17 wickets
2003  Sachin Tendulkar 673 runs and 2 wickets
2007  Glenn Mcgrath 26 wickets
2011  Yuvraj Singh 362 Runs and 15 wickets

Man of the match

Year	Player	Stats
1975	Clive Lloyd	102 runs
1979	Viv Richards	138*
1983	Mohinder Amarnath	3/12 and 26
1987	David Boon	75 runs
1992	Wasim Akram	33 and 3/39
1996	Aravinda de Silva	107* and 3/42
1999	Shane Warne	4/33
2003	Ricky Ponting	140
2007	Adam Gilchrist	149
2011	Mahendra Singh Dhoni	91*

Mother Teresa Biography Nun, Saint (c. 1910–1997)

Quick Facts

Name

Mother Teresa

Occupation

Nun, Saint

Birth Date

c. August 26, 1910

Death Date

September 5, 1997

Education

Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary

Place of Birth

Skopje, Macedonia

Place of Death

Calcutta, India

Full Name

Blessed Mother Teresa of Calcutta

 

Early Life

Catholic nun and missionary Mother Teresa was born circa August 26, 1910 (her date of birth is disputed), in Skopje, the current capital of the Republic of Macedonia. On August 27, 1910, a date frequently cited as her birthday, she was baptized as Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. Mother Teresa's parents, Nikola and Dranafile Bojaxhiu, were of Albanian descent; her father was an entrepreneur who worked as a construction contractor and a trader of medicines and other goods. The Bojaxhius were a devoutly Catholic family, and Nikola Bojaxhiu was deeply involved in the local church as well as in city politics as a vocal proponent of Albanian independence.

In 1919, when Mother Teresa was only 8 years old, her father suddenly fell ill and died. While the cause of his death remains unknown, many have speculated that political enemies poisoned him. In the aftermath of her father's death, Mother Teresa became extraordinarily close to her mother, a pious and compassionate woman who instilled in her daughter a deep commitment to charity.

Although by no means wealthy, Drana Bojaxhiu extended an open invitation to the city's destitute to dine with her family. "My child, never eat a single mouthful unless you are sharing it with others," she counseled her daughter. When Mother Teresa asked who the people eating with them were, her mother uniformly responded, "Some of them are our relations, but all of them are our people."

Religious Calling

Mother Teresa attended a convent-run primary school and then a state-run secondary school. As a girl, Mother Teresa sang in the local Sacred Heart choir and was often asked to sing solos. The congregation made an annual pilgrimage to the chapel of the Madonna of Letnice atop Black Mountain in Skopje, and it was on one such trip at the age of 12 that Mother Teresa first felt a calling to a religious life. Six years later, in 1928, an 18-year-old Agnes Bojaxhiu decided to become a nun and set off for Ireland to join the Loreto Sisters of Dublin. It was there that she took the name Sister Mary Teresa after Saint Thérèse of Lisieux.

A year later, Mother Teresa traveled on to Darjeeling, India for the novitiate period; in May 1931, Mother Teresa made her First Profession of Vows. Afterward she was sent to Calcutta, where she was assigned to teach at Saint Mary's High School for Girls, a school run by the Loreto Sisters and dedicated to teaching girls from the city's poorest Bengali families. Mother Teresa learned to speak both Bengali and Hindi fluently as she taught geography and history and dedicated herself to alleviating the girls' poverty through education.

On May 24, 1937, she took her Final Profession of Vows to a life of poverty, chastity and obedience. As was the custom for Loreto nuns, she took on the title of "mother" upon making her final vows and thus became known as Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa continued to teach at Saint Mary's, and in 1944 she became the school's principal. Through her kindness, generosity and unfailing commitment to her students' education, she sought to lead them to a life of devotion to Christ. "Give me the strength to be ever the light of their lives, so that I may lead them at last to you," she wrote in prayer.

Indian State Facts

About India: Capital of India is New Delhi. 

India is a federal union of states comprising 29 states and 7 union territories. The states and territories are further subdivided into districts and so on. 

• The administrative capital is where the executive government offices are located.
• The legislative capital is where the state assembly convenes.
• The judicial capital is the location of the state or territorial High Courts of India.
• The date mentioned in the table refers to when the city became the capital of the state or territory
• In the table S and W refers to the Summer and Winter sessions respectively.
• The administrative capital is considered to be the main capital of the state.
• In the absence of the legislative capital means that it is administered by the Central Government.

States and their Capitals
State	Administrative Capital	Legislative Capital	Judicial Capital	Since
Andhra Pradesh	Hyderabad	Hyderabad	Hyderabad	1956
Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar	Itanagar	Guwahati	1972
Assam	Dispur (Former Capital: Shilong(1874-1972))	Dispur	Guwahati	1972
Bihar	Patna	Patna	Patna	1936
Chhattisgarh	Raipur	Raipur	Bilaspur	2000
Goa	Panji	Porvorim	Mumbai	1961
Gujarat	Gandhinagar(Formal Capital: Ahmedabad(1960-1970))	Gandhinagar	Ahmedabad	1970
Haryana	Chandigarh	Chandigarh	Chandigarh	1966
Himachal Pradesh	Shimla	Shimla	Shimla	1948
Jammu and Kashmir	Srinagar(S),Jammu(W)	Srinagar(S),Jammu(W)	Srinagar	1948
Jharkhand	Ranchi	Ranchi	Ranchi	2000
Karnataka	Bangaluru	Bangaluru	Bangaluru	1956
Kerala	Thiruvanantha-Puram (Former Capital: Kochi(1949-1956))	T'puram	Ernakulam	1956
Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal	Bhopal	Jabalpur	1956
Maharashtra	Mumbai	Mumbai	Mumbai	1818
Manipur	Imphal	Imphal	Guwahati	1947
Meghalaya	Shillong	Shillong	Guwahati	1970
Mizoram	Aizwal	Aizwal	Guwahati	1972
Nagaland	Kohima	Kohima	Guwahati	1963
Orrisa	Bhubaneshwar (Former Capital: Cuttak (1936-1948))	Bhubaneshwar	Cuttack	1948
Punjab	Chandigarh (Former Capital: Lahore(1936-1947) & Shimla(1947-1966))	Chandigarh	Chandigarh	1966
Rajasthan	Jaipur	Jaipur	Jodhpur	1948
Sikkim	Gangtok	Gangtok	Gangtok	1975
Tamil Nadu	Chennai	Chennai	Chennai	1956
Tripura	Agartala	Agartala	Guwahati	1956
Uttarakhand	Dehradun	Dehradun	Nainital	2000
Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow	Lucknow	Allahabad	1937
West Bengal	Kolkata	Kolkata	Kolkata	1905
Union Territories
Andaman and Nicobar Islands	Port Blair	--	Kolkata	1956
Chandigarh	Chandigarh	--	Chandigarh	1966
Dadra and Nagar Haveli	Silvasaa	--	Mumbai	1961
Daman and Diu	Daman	--	Mumbai	1987
Lakshadweep	Kavaratti	--	Ernakulam	1956
National Capital Territory of Delhi	N.Delhi	--	--	--
Ponducherry	Ponducherry	Ponducherry	Chennai	1954

Biggest, Highest and Largest in India

Highest Award	Bharat Ratna
Highest Gallantry Award	Param Vir Chakra
Longest River in India	The Ganges
Longest Tributary river of India	Yamuna
Largest Lake	Wular Lake, Kashmir
Largest Lake (Saline Water)	Chilka Lake, Orrisa
Largest Man-Made Lake	Govind Vallabh Pant Sagar (Rihand Dam)
Largest Fresh Water Lake	Kolleru Lake (Andhra Pradesh)
Highest Lake	Devtal Lake, Gadhwal (Uttarakhand)
Highest Lake	Devatal (Gharhwal)
Highest Peak	Karkoram-2 of K-2(8,611 meters) Highest Peak in the world is Mount Everest which is in Nepal
Largest Populated City	Mumbai
Largest State(Area)	Rajasthan
Largest State(Population)	Uttar Pradesh
Highest rainfall	Cherrapunhi (426 inches per annum)
Highest Watefall	Nohkalikai Falls (335 meters, 1100 ft high) in Shora
State wise largest area under forest	Madhya Pradesh
Largest Delta	Sunderbans Delta
Largest River without Delta	Narmada and Tapti
Longest Cantilever Span bridge	Howrah Bridge
Longest River Bridge	Mahatma Gandhi Setu, Patna
Biggest Cave temple	Ellora
Longest Road	Grand Trunk Road
Highest Road	Road at Khardungla,(in Leh-Manali Sector)
Biggest Mosque	Jama Masjid at Delhi
Highest Gateway	Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri (53.6 meters high)
Tallest Statue	Statue of Gomateshwar (17 meters high In Karnataka
Largest Public Sector Bank	State Bank of India
Longest Canal	Indira Gandhi Canal or Rajasthan Canal (Rajasthan)
Largest Dome	Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur
Largest Zoo	Zoological Garden at Alipur (Kolkata)
Largest Museum	India Museum at Kolkata
Longest Dam	Hirakud Dam (Orrisa)
Highest Dam	Tehri Dam ( 260 meters , 850 ft )
Highest Tower	Kutab Minar at Delhi (88.4 meters high)
Largest Desert	Thar (Rajasthan)
Largest District	Kutch district
Fastest Train	Shatabadi Express running between New Delhi and Bhopal
State with longest coastline	Gujarat
State with longest coastline of South India	Andhra Pradesh
Longest Electric Railway Line	From Delhi to Kolkata via Patna
Longest Railway Route	From Assam to Kanyakumari
Longest Railway Platform	Kharagpur (W. Bengal)
Highest Railway Station	Ghum (W. Bengal)
Longest Platform	Kharagpur (West Bengal) 833 meters in Length. It is also the longest railway station in world
Longest Tunnel	Jawahar tunnel (Jammu & Kashmir)
Longest Highway	NH-44 (NH-7) which turns from Varanasi to Kanyakumari
Smallest State (Population)	Sikkim
Smallest State (Area)	Goa
Largest State (Area)	Rajasthan
Largest State (Population)	Uttar Pradesh
Densest Populated State	West Bengal
Largest Cave	Amarnath (J&K)
Largest Cave Temple	Kailash Temple, Ellora (Maharastra)
Largest Animal Fair	Sonepur (Bihar)
Largest Auditorium	Sri Shanmukhanand Hall (Mumbai)
Biggest Hotel	Oberai-Sheraton (Mumbai)
Largest Port	Mumbai
Largest Gurudwara	Golden Temple, Amritsar
Deepest River Valley	Bhagirathi & Alaknanda
Largest Church	Saint Cathedral (Goa)
Oldest Church	St. Thomas Church at Palayar, Trichur (Kerala)
Longest River	Ganga (2640 km long)
Longest Beach	Marina Beach, Chennai
Highest Battle Field	Siachin Glacier
Highest Airport	Leh (Laddakh)
Biggest Stadium	Yuva Bharti (Salt Lake) Stadium, Kolkata
Largest River Island	Majuli (Brahmaputra River, Asom)
Largest Planetarium	Birla Planetarium (Kolkata)
Sambhar lake	Largest inland salt lake